System for ordering acquisition of frequency domain components representing MR image data

ABSTRACT

A system orders acquisition of frequency domain components representing MR image data for storage in a storage array (e.g., k-space). A storage array of individual data elements stores corresponding individual frequency components comprising an MR dataset. The array of individual data elements has a designated center and individual data elements individually have a radius to the designated center. A magnetic field generator generates a magnetic field for use in acquiring multiple individual frequency components corresponding to individual data elements in the storage array. The individual frequency components are successively acquired in an order in which radius of respective corresponding individual data elements increases and decreases as the multiple individual frequency components are sequentially acquired during acquisition of an MR dataset representing an MR image. A storage processor stores individual frequency components acquired using the magnetic field in corresponding individual data elements in the array.

This is a non-provisional application of provisional application Ser.No. 61/151,895 filed Feb. 12, 2009, by P. Schmitt et al.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention concerns a system for ordering acquisition of frequencydomain components representing MR image data for storage in a storagearray (e.g., k-space), by successively acquiring frequency components inan order in which radius of respective corresponding individual dataelements in the array increases and decreases, for example.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Known MR imaging systems employ a 3D FLASH (fast low angle shot) basedcontrast-enhanced MR angiography (CEMRA) sequence that utilizes acentric phase encoded k-space element reordering scheme (referred toherein as known centric reordering). K-space is the temporary imagespace in which data from digitized MR signals is stored during dataacquisition and comprises raw data in a spatial frequency domain beforereconstruction. When k-space is full (at the end of an MR scan), thedata is mathematically processed to produce a final image. FIG. 2 ashows k_(y)-k_(z) points sorted with respect to their radial distancefrom a k-space origin (k_(r)) and shows ky-kz trajectories after thefirst 3 increments of radius k_(r) provided using the known centricphase encoded k-space element reordering

Due to the symmetry in k-space there are at least 4 k-space points withthe same radial distance which are sorted according to the azimuthalangle Φ relative to the k_(y) axis. The centric ordering starts atk_(r)=0, and continues to use k-space points with linearly increasingradial distance (FIG. 2 a). Due to the strictly radial sorting, jumpsbetween 4 quadrants occur regularly. FIG. 2 b, shows 5 consecutivepoints selected by known centric reordering and the k-space jumps arelarger towards the periphery of k-space. These jumps cause unpleasantacoustic noises and disturb some patients. A system according toinvention principles addresses these deficiencies and associatedproblems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A spiral centric reordering system employs an MRI phase reorderingprocess for contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CEMRA), and may be appliedin single-phase MRA and dynamic MRA techniques such as time-resolvedimaging with stochastic trajectories (TWIST) to reduce total k_(y)-k_(z)reordering distance reducing emphasis on radius in sorting and by makingsure that subsequent k-space points in a k_(y)-k_(z) plane are selectedas closely as possible. A system orders acquisition of frequency domaincomponents representing MR image data for storage in a storage array(e.g., k-space). A storage array of individual data elements storescorresponding individual frequency components comprising an MR dataset.The array of individual data elements has a designated center andindividual data elements individually have a radius to the designatedcenter. A magnetic field generator generates a magnetic field for use inacquiring multiple individual frequency components corresponding toindividual data elements in the storage array. The individual frequencycomponents are successively acquired in an order in which radius ofrespective corresponding individual data elements increases anddecreases along a substantially spiral path as the multiple individualfrequency components are sequentially acquired during acquisition of anMR dataset representing an MR image. A storage processor storesindividual frequency components acquired using the magnetic field incorresponding individual data elements in the array.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 shows a system for ordering acquisition of frequency domaincomponents representing MR image data for storage in an array, accordingto invention principles.

FIG. 2 a shows known centric phase encoded k-space element reorderingand FIG. 2 b shows 5 consecutive points selected by the known reorderingarrangement.

FIG. 3 a shows spiral centric phase encoded k-space element reorderingand FIG. 3 b shows 5 consecutive points selected by the spiral centricreordering arrangement, according to invention principles.

FIG. 4 illustrates Cartesian and Polar coordinate notations used in thek_(y)-k_(z) plane, according to invention principles.

FIG. 5 illustrates analysis of a concentric ring portion, according toinvention principles.

FIG. 6 shows timing of physiological and MR sequence events for adelayed spiral centric CEMRA sequence using a contrast agent test bolus,according to invention principles.

FIG. 7 shows a time-resolved imaging with stochastic trajectories(TWIST) MR image acquisition k_(r)-t plot and A/B region timing,according to invention principles.

FIG. 8 shows a flowchart of a process performed by a system for orderingacquisition of frequency domain components representing MR image datafor storage in an array, according to invention principles.

FIG. 9 shows a flowchart of a further process performed by a system forordering acquisition of frequency domain components representing MRimage data for storage in an array, according to invention principles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A system advantageously orders acquisition of frequency domaincomponents representing MR image data in a spiral centric manner forstorage in a storage array (e.g., k-space) that puts less weight on theradial distance, and in one embodiment ensures that successivelyacquired k-space points are closely distributed by filling in concentricring regions. A spiral centric reordering system employs an MRI phasereordering process for contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CEMRA), and maybe applied in single-phase MRA and dynamic MRA techniques such as TWIST.The system reduces a total k_(y)-k_(z) reordering distance by sortingand by making sure that subsequent k-space points in k_(y)-k_(z) planeare selected as being substantially adjacent.

FIG. 3 a shows the concentric rings and ky-kz trajectories of spiralcentric phase encoded k-space element reordering. Specifically, FIG. 3 ashows a trajectory after the first 2 iterations (corresponding to theinner 2 concentric rings) of the spiral centric ring region. The path ofk-space element acquisition follows a spiral-like trajectory starting atk_(r)=0 as shown in FIG. 3 b. This substantially eliminates the quadrantjumps except for the corners in k-space as illustrated in FIG. 3 b whichshows 5 consecutive points selected by the spiral centric reorderingarrangement. The loud acoustic noise of known MR imaging scanners is nowreplaced by a more pleasant reduced oscillatory wave sound. The systemadvantageously provides significantly shorter total reordering distanceto mitigate phase coherence artifacts when contrast-enhanced MRangiography (CEMRA) images are acquired without phase encoded rewindersin favor of saving scan time (i.e. ultra-short TR (repetition time), upto 20% scan time reduction). Phase encoded rewinder gradients are usedto bring the trajectory back to the k-space origin.

FIG. 1 shows system 10 for ordering acquisition of frequency domaincomponents representing MR image data for storage in a k-space storagearray. In system 10, magnet 12 creates a static base magnetic field inthe body of patient 11 to be imaged and positioned on a table. Withinthe magnet system are gradient coils 14 for producing position dependentmagnetic field gradients superimposed on the static magnetic field.Gradient coils 14, in response to gradient signals supplied thereto by agradient and shimming and pulse sequence control module 16, produceposition dependent and shimmed magnetic field gradients in threeorthogonal directions and generates magnetic field pulse sequences. Theshimmed gradients compensate for inhomogeneity and variability in an MRimaging device magnetic field resulting from patient anatomicalvariation and other sources. The magnetic field gradients include aslice-selection gradient magnetic field, a phase-encoding gradientmagnetic field and a readout gradient magnetic field that are applied topatient 11.

Further RF (radio frequency) module 20 provides RF pulse signals to RFcoil 18, which in response produces magnetic field pulses which rotatethe spins of the protons in the imaged body 11 by ninety degrees or byone hundred and eighty degrees for so-called “spin echo” imaging, or byangles less than or equal to 90 degrees for so-called “gradient echo”imaging. Pulse sequence control module 16 in conjunction with RF module20 as directed by central control unit 26, control slice-selection,phase-encoding, readout gradient magnetic fields, radio frequencytransmission, and magnetic resonance signal detection, to acquiremagnetic resonance signals representing planar slices of patient 11.

In response to applied RF pulse signals, the RF coil 18 receives MRsignals, i.e., signals from the excited protons within the body as theyreturn to an equilibrium position established by the static and gradientmagnetic fields. The MR signals are detected and processed by a detectorwithin RF module 20 and k-space component processor unit 34 to provideimage representative data to an image data processor in central controlunit 26. ECG synchronization signal generator 30 provides ECG signalsused for pulse sequence and imaging synchronization. A two or threedimensional k-space storage array of individual data elements in unit 34stores corresponding individual frequency components comprising an MRdataset. The k-space array of individual data elements has a designatedcenter and individual data elements individually have a radius to thedesignated center;

A magnetic field generator (comprising magnetic coils 12, 14 and 18)generates a magnetic field for use in acquiring multiple individualfrequency components corresponding to individual data elements in thestorage array. The individual frequency components are successivelyacquired in an order in which radius of respective correspondingindividual data elements increases and decreases along a substantiallyspiral path as the multiple individual frequency components issequentially acquired during acquisition of an MR dataset representingan MR image. A storage processor in unit 34 stores individual frequencycomponents acquired using the magnetic field in corresponding individualdata elements in the array. The radius of respective correspondingindividual data elements alternately increases and decreases as multiplesequential individual frequency components are acquired. The magneticfield acquires individual frequency components in an order correspondingto a sequence of substantially adjacent individual data elements in thearray and magnetic field gradient change between successively acquiredfrequency components is substantially minimized.

Central control unit 26 uses information stored in an internal databaseto process the detected MR signals in a coordinated manner to generatehigh quality images of a selected slice (or slices) of the body andadjusts other parameters of system 10. The stored information comprisespredetermined pulse sequence and magnetic field gradient and strengthdata as well as data indicating timing, orientation and spatial volumeof gradient magnetic fields to be applied in imaging. Generated imagesare presented on display 40. Computer 28 includes a graphical userinterface (GUI) enabling user interaction with central controller 26 andenables user modification of magnetic resonance imaging signals insubstantially real time. Display processor 37 processes the magneticresonance signals to provide image representative data for display ondisplay 40, for example.

FIG. 4 illustrates Cartesian and Polar coordinate notations used in ak-space data element array k_(y)-k_(z) plane. Specifically, FIG. 4 showsradius (k_(r)) 403 and azimuthal angle about k_(y) axis (φ) of Cartesiank_(y)-k_(z) points representing k-space data elements. The rectilinearindices (u,v) of k-space data points in k_(y) and k_(z) directions startat (0,0) in the upper left hand corner, and (u₀,v₀) are the indices(u,v) at the origin of the k_(y)-k_(z) plane. The i-th Cartesiancoordinate [k_(y)(i),k_(z)(i)] (in mm⁻¹) is,

[k_(y)(i), k_(z)(i)] = [(u(i)-u₀) * dk_(y), (v(i)-v₀) * dk_(z)], where$\begin{matrix}{\left\lbrack {{dk}_{y},{dk}_{z}} \right\rbrack = {{smallest}\mspace{14mu}{increment}\mspace{14mu}{in}\mspace{14mu} k_{y}\text{-}k_{z}\mspace{14mu}{plane}}} \\{= {\left\lbrack {{1/{FOV}_{y}},{1/{FOV}_{z}}} \right\rbrack.}}\end{matrix}$For the i-th Cartesian coordinate point [k_(y)(i),k_(z)(i)], the radius(k_(r)(i)) isk _(r)(i)=√{square root over (k _(y)(i)² +k _(z)(i)²)}{square root over(k _(y)(i)² +k _(z)(i)²)},and the smallest increment in radius k_(r) isdk _(r)=√{square root over (dk _(y) ² +dk _(z) ²)}.The azimuthal angle about k_(y) axis (φ(i)) is

φ(i)=arctan(k_(z)(i)/k_(y)(i)), [0<=φ(i)<2π].

if k_(y)(i)=0 and k_(z)(i)=0, then φ(i)=0.

if k_(y)(i)=0 and k_(z)(i)>0, then φ(i)=π/2.

if k_(y)(i)=0 and k_(z)(i)<0, then φ(i)=3π/2.

FIG. 5 illustrates analysis of a concentric ring portion. In addition toradius and azimuthal angle, k-space component processor unit 34 performsspiral centric reordering calculation using equidistant concentric ringregion number (N) as part of a sorting calculation. The concentric ringregion number N is determined as follows.

Let j be an index of the ring region that increments in radialdirection. For the j-th ring region, the outer radius k_(r,out)(j) isk _(r,out)(j)=k _(r,in)(j)+Δk _(r) =k _(r,out)(j−1)+Δk _(r),where k_(r,in) is inner radius (which is the outer radius of theprevious ring region (j−1) 505) and Δk_(r) is the ring width. The ringwidth Δk_(r) is calculated based on dk_(r):Δk _(r) =W _(width) dk _(r),where W_(width) is a weight factor for adjusting the ring width. In oneembodiment W_(width) is set at 2, and this ensures at least 2 datapoints along k_(y) and k_(z) axes are acquired in each ring region. Theconcentric ring region number (N) for any given radius k_(r) isdetermined asN(k _(r))=floor[k _(r) /Δk _(r)],and an operator floor[x] is a “floor” function that rounds down x to thenearest integer.

K-space component processor unit 34 performs spiral centric reorderingcalculation using order metric equation M(k_(r), φ) with 3 components aspreviously determined (i.e. radius k_(r) (0≦k_(r)≦k_(r,max)), azimuthalangle φ(0≦φ<2π), and the ring region number N (0≦N≦N_(max))) arecalculated for individual k_(y)-k_(z) k-space data elements and an MRscan is performed in accordance with the value of M in ascending order.The order metric equation M is,M(k _(r),φ)=k _(r) /k _(r,max) *W _(r)φ/φ_(max) *W _(φ) +N/N _(max) *W_(N).Individual components in the metric equation M(k_(r), φ) are normalizedto range [0,1] by dividing with a maximum value (denoted by thesubscript max), and individual components have a corresponding weightfactor W to give preferential weighting. The weight factors determinedifferent reordering arrangements. Known centric reordering isimplemented with W_(r)>>W_(φ) and W_(N)=0. In contrast, for spiralcentric reordering performed by unit 34, weight factors areW_(N)>>W_(φ)>>W_(r)>0 and W_(width)>0. In one embodiment of the spiralcentric reordering the weight factors are set to the following:W_(r)=10⁻⁶, W_(φ)=1, W_(N)=10⁶, and W_(width)=2, for example. Weightfactors for different components are separated by 10⁶ to reducepotential mutual interference.

The static-like acoustic noise generated by known centric reordering isdue to the quadrant jumps that require magnetic gradients to changerapidly as radius increases. System 10 employs K-space componentprocessor unit 34 to minimize magnetic gradient transitions usingsmaller incremental changes and thus reducing acoustic noises. Phaseincoherence artifacts are caused by spin phase residuals that PhaseEncoding (PE) rewinder gradients (used to bring k-space trajectory backto the k-space origin) normally take care of at the end of scanrepetition time TR. Without a PE rewinder gradient, the residualscontinue to accumulate over the course of an MR sequence, and the amountof the spin phase residuals are directly proportional to the phasereordering travel distance. Thus by having a minimum phase reorderingdistance, the phase incoherence artifacts are advantageouslysignificantly attenuated. In one embodiment, the k-space componentprocessor unit 34 performs spiral centric phase reordering based onCartesian geometry and uses a floor function to divide k-space intoconcentric regions.

Contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CEMRA) sequences (twist and fl3d_ce(fast low angle shot with contrast enhancement) with timing bolus)advantageously use spiral centric reordering provided by unit 34 forpatient comfort and for use in providing an ultra-short TR scan.Additionally, the system facilitates and improves 3D applications thatrequire minimum phase accumulation. A 3D SSFP (Steady-State FreePrecession) sequence is also advantageously improved with the systembecause the associated flow effect is mitigated using minimal phaseencoded increments. The spiral centric reordering performed by unit 34is also used for contrast-enhanced MR Angiography with a care-bolustechnique. After contrast injection, a real-time imaging sequence isapplied which produces images at a rate of approximately 1 image/sec. Inresponse to a contrast agent arriving in an anatomical region ofinterest, a user switches to a contrast-enhanced imaging sequencestarting at the center of k-space to optimally visualize an arterialenhancement. The sequence uses unit 34 spiral centric reordering toefficiently perform scanning of the center of k-space during an arterialwindow in which radius of respective corresponding individual dataelements increases and decreases as individual frequency components aresequentially acquired. Therefore, in one embodiment unit 34 spiralcentric reordering has conspicuous oscillatory behavior throughout ascan. In contrast, the radius of k-space data elements sampled over timein known centric reordering, is monotonically and continuouslyincreasing.

FIG. 6 shows timing of physiological and MR sequence events for adelayed spiral centric CEMRA sequence using a contrast agent test bolus.For contrast-enhanced MR Angiography using a test bolus (e.g. optimizedFLASH 3D sequence fl3d_ce), a delayed measurement of the center ofk-space is preferable. The order of k-space data elements in spiralcentric reordering performed by unit 34 is changed so that a k-spacedata element at k_(r)=0 is scanned after a user-defined time calledtime-to-center (TTC) 605. The delayed spiral centric reordering starts ak-space trajectory at the edge of the center segment 603 moving towardsk_(r)=0 (607) and moves outwards again to acquire a complete centersegment in 2 substantially equal length paths. The trajectory involvesacquiring a k-space region outside of center segment 603 to complete thek-space dataset. The unit 34 spiral centric reordering has conspicuousoscillatory behavior throughout a scan in which radius of respectivecorresponding individual data elements increases and decreases along asubstantially spiral path as individual frequency components aresequentially acquired. In contrast, in known centric reordering, theradius of k-space data elements sampled over time, is a monotonically,continuously decreasing function before the center of k-space isreached, and is a monotonically, continually increasing functionafterwards.

Physiological timing is illustrated in events including contrast agentinjection 615 followed by arterial flow 617 and venous flow 610 overtime and corresponding k_(r)-t plot of delayed spiral centric reorderingtrajectory 625. The k_(y)-k_(z) plot 630 shows center segment data 603highlighted. The size of center segment 603 is determined by duration oftime-to-center (TTC) 605. The acquisition timing of the center segmentis carefully matched with Arterial window 620 for an optimal result.

In a further embodiment, for dynamic contrast-enhanced MR Angiography(e.g., TWIST), the spiral centric reordering table is split into twosegments. A first segment is associated with a center region A and asecond segment is associated with a peripheral region B. In thisembodiment, center region A, which is analogous to center segment 603shown in FIG. 6, is acquired in 2 equal length paths (i.e. inward tok_(r)=0, and then outward to complete A region). However, unlike theperipheral segment of FIG. 6, which is acquired in a single outwardtrajectory path, in this embodiment, the peripheral region B is acquiredin multiple out-in paths. Specifically, acquisition of peripheral regionB data elements starts at the edge of the A region, moves toward theouter edge of k-space k_(y)-k_(z) data and moves back inward to the edgeof the A region The amount of data in each B path is determined byparameter density B %. By having shared multiple B region paths withmore frequently collected center region A, the temporal resolution isadvantageously substantially improved.

FIG. 7 shows a time-resolved imaging with stochastic trajectories(TWIST) MR image acquisition k_(r)-t plot and A/B region timingperformed using unit 34 (FIG. 1). Specifically, a k-space centricregion, corresponding to region A 703 and region B 705 corresponding tok-space that is peripheral to centric region A, are used in TWISTk-space trajectories. A TWIST k-space trajectory includes first 3 timepoints (T_(o), T₁, and T₂ having zero k-space radius (710, 712 and 714,respectively)) of centric region A having a single path (in time slots720, 722, 724). The A region size is determined by a percentageparameter comprising relative radius of A and B regions. The peripheralB region is divided into 4 out-in paths B1, B2, B3, and B4 (time slots740, 742, 744 and 746). The four paths have k-space data element densityof 25% of total k-space density.

The advantageous k-space data element trajectory provides relativelyhigh temporal resolution by acquiring 3 B paths (i.e. B1 ₀ B2 ₀ and B3₀) prior to repeated pair acquisitions of an A path and a single B path(e.g., A₀ and B4 ₀, as highlighted in rectangle 760). Unit 34 updates ajust acquired set of k-space data elements of an A path B path k-spacetrajectory pair (e.g., A₀ and B4 ₀) by utilizing k-space data elementsof previously acquired 3 B paths to complete a full data set. Theduration of an A and B path trajectory pair determines a temporalresolution. Multiple other schemes are possible for sharing peripheral Bregion data, such as using B region data for reconstruction of aspecific A_(N) path. For this purpose, peripheral B region data issampled after acquisition of A_(N), using B region data that is closestin time to A_(N) path k-space data elements and single k-space dataelements are interpolated from data of more than one B region.

In a TWIST embodiment, unit 34 orders acquisition of k-space dataelements (frequency components) based on a concentric ring number andazimuth angle. Unit 34 starts acquisition at a non-zero radius ring andinitiates acquisition of substantially less than all elements of thisring (i.e. a portion). Unit 34 proceeds with acquisition of k-space dataelements having a decreasing ring number and after reaching a zeroradius, acquires k-space data elements in a reverse order.

In a further TWIST embodiment, unit 34 alternatively performs first andsecond acquisition functions. The first acquisition function comprisesinitiating acquisition of k-space data elements of ring n of N rings, bysampling a portion of it (such as one half), acquiring k-space dataelements of a next ring with smaller radius (say n−1) continuingacquisition of concentric rings of k-space data elements until a k-spaceradius of zero is reached and thereafter acquiring k-space data elementsin concentric rings of increasing k-space radius. The second acquisitionfunction comprises acquiring k-space data elements of ring n+1 with alower density than ring n (smaller portion than one half), acquiringk-space data elements of a next ring with larger radius until a k-spacering of largest radius N is reached and acquiring k-space data elementsin concentric rings of reducing k-space radius until ring n+1 isreached. Unit 34 acquires substantially all points that have to beacquired within rings 1 . . . n in a single pass through region A, butsubstantially less than all points (typically a fraction of <=50%) areacquired in a single pass though region B.

In further embodiments the system orders acquisition of frequency domaincomponents representing MR image data for storage in an array (e.g.,k-space). The system includes a storage array of individual dataelements for storing corresponding individual frequency componentsrepresenting an MR dataset of an anatomical region of interest,including components of a low spatial frequency, an intermediate spatialfrequency and a high spatial frequency. A magnetic field generatorgenerates a magnetic field for use in acquiring multiple individualfrequency components in order of the intermediate spatial frequency, thehigh spatial frequency and the low spatial frequency. The high spatialfrequency substantially corresponds to a maximum radius value of theregion of interest from a designated center of the array. A storageprocessor stores individual frequency components acquired using themagnetic field, in corresponding individual data elements in the array.

In a feature of the invention a magnetic field generator generates amagnetic field for use in acquiring multiple individual frequencycomponents in order of the high spatial frequency, the intermediatespatial frequency and the low spatial frequency, the high spatialfrequency substantially corresponding to a maximum radius value of theregion of interest from a designated center of the array. A storageprocessor stores individual frequency components acquired using themagnetic field in corresponding individual data elements in the array.

FIG. 8 shows a flowchart of a process performed by system 10 (FIG. 1)including K-space component processor unit 34 for ordering acquisitionof frequency domain components representing MR image data for storage inan array. In step 812 following the start at step 811, a (phaseencoding) magnetic field generator in system 10 generates a magneticfield for use in acquiring (and storing) multiple individual frequencycomponents corresponding to individual data elements in a twodimensional storage (k-space) array that may comprise a part of a threedimensional array. An individual frequency component comprises amplitudeand phase data stored as a complex number, for example, in acorresponding individual data element in the array. The array ofindividual data elements has a designated center and individual dataelements individually have a radius to the designated center. Theindividual frequency components are successively acquired (and stored)in an order in which radius of respective corresponding individual dataelements increases and decreases along a substantially spiral path asthe multiple individual frequency components are sequentially acquiredduring acquisition of an MR dataset representing an MR image.Specifically, radius of respective corresponding individual dataelements alternately increases and decreases as sequential multipleindividual frequency components are acquired.

The magnetic field acquires (and stores) individual frequency componentsin an order corresponding to a sequence of substantially adjacentindividual data elements in the array and magnetic field gradient changebetween successively acquired frequency components is substantiallyminimized. In one embodiment the order corresponds to a sequence ofsubstantially adjacent individual data elements beginning with anindividual data element having a substantially zero radius. The orderalso corresponds to bands of concentric rings of individual dataelements of incremental radius in the array and an individual bandencompasses individual data elements of multiple different radii.Further, the magnetic field acquires (and stores) individual frequencycomponents in an individual concentric ring before progressing to a nextring of increased radius. The magnetic field successively acquiresindividual frequency components in an individual concentric ringcorresponding to successive individual data elements of increasing anddecreasing radius within an individual ring as the multiple individualfrequency components are sequentially acquired. Specifically, themagnetic field acquires individual frequency components in a firstcentral area beginning with an individual data element having asubstantially zero radius.

In another embodiment, the magnetic field acquires (and stores)individual frequency components beginning with a component correspondingto an individual data element having a first non-zero radius and in areverse order until a frequency component corresponding to an individualdata element of substantially zero radius is acquired. Specifically, themagnetic field acquires multiple individual frequency componentsstarting with a component corresponding to an individual data elementhaving a first non-zero radius in a reverse order of predominantlyreducing radius until a frequency component corresponding to anindividual data element of substantially zero radius is acquired. Themagnetic field further acquires (and/or stores) individual frequencycomponents in positive order in response to the frequency componentcorresponding to the individual data element of substantially zeroradius being acquired. Specifically, the magnetic field acquiresindividual frequency components in positive order of predominantlyincreasing radius in response to the frequency component correspondingto the individual data element of substantially zero radius beingacquired.

Further, the storage array comprises an inner region and an outer regionand the magnetic field acquires multiple individual frequency componentscorresponding to individual data elements in the peripheral region inalternately positive and reverse order of predominantly increasing andreducing radius respectively. Also the magnetic field acquires multipleindividual frequency components corresponding to individual dataelements in the outer (peripheral) region and the inner (centric) regionin alternately positive and reverse order of predominantly increasingand reducing radius respectively. In a further embodiment, the magneticfield acquires individual frequency components in an order correspondingto a sequence of substantially adjacent individual data elements ofrespective increasing and decreasing radius as multiple individualfrequency components are sequentially acquired and beginning with anindividual data element having a substantially zero radius. Also, theorder corresponds to bands of concentric rings of individual dataelements of incremental radius in the array.

In step 815 system 10 acquires individual frequency components using themagnetic field. Unit 34 in step 818 stores acquired individual frequencycomponents representing an MR dataset in the corresponding individualdata elements in a 2 or 3 dimensional array. The process of FIG. 8terminates at step 831.

FIG. 9 shows a flowchart of a further process performed by system 10(FIG. 1) including K-space component processor unit 34 for orderingacquisition of frequency domain components representing MR image datafor storage in an array comprising an inner region and an outer region.In step 912 following the start at step 911, system 10 uses a storagearray of individual data elements in unit 34 for storing correspondingindividual frequency components representing an MR dataset of ananatomical region of interest, including components of a low spatialfrequency, an intermediate spatial frequency and a high spatialfrequency. In step 915 a (phase encoding) magnetic field generator insystem 10 generates a magnetic field for use in acquiring (and/orstoring) multiple individual frequency components in a particular order.In a first embodiment, the particular order is in order of theintermediate spatial frequency, the high spatial frequency and the lowspatial frequency. In particular, the magnetic field acquires individualfrequency components in order of the intermediate spatial frequency andthe high spatial frequency for multiple different times before acquiringthe low spatial frequency component.

In a second embodiment, the particular order is in order of the highspatial frequency, the intermediate spatial frequency and the lowspatial frequency. The high spatial frequency substantially correspondsto a maximum radius value of the region of interest from a designatedcenter of the array. The low spatial frequency substantially correspondsto a peak of a contrast agent passing through the region of interest. Inparticular, the magnetic field acquires individual frequency componentsin order of the low spatial frequency, intermediate spatial frequencyand the high spatial frequency for multiple different times afteracquiring the low spatial frequency component. In a further embodiment,the magnetic field acquires individual frequency components in order ofthe high spatial frequency, intermediate spatial frequency and the lowspatial frequency for multiple different times after acquiring the lowspatial frequency component. The magnetic field acquires the highspatial frequency and the intermediate spatial frequency components forstorage in the outer region and acquires the low spatial frequencycomponent for storage in the inner region.

In a further embodiment the particular order is in order of theintermediate spatial frequency, the low spatial frequency and the highspatial frequency. The high spatial frequency substantially correspondsto a maximum radius value of the region of interest from a designatedcenter of the array. Further, the magnetic field acquires individualfrequency components beginning with a component corresponding to anindividual data element having a first non-zero radius and in a reverseorder until a frequency component corresponding to an individual dataelement of substantially zero radius is acquired. The individualfrequency components are successively acquired in an order in whichradius of respective corresponding individual data elements increasesand decreases along a substantially spiral path as the multipleindividual frequency components is sequentially acquired duringacquisition of an MR dataset representing an MR image. The magneticfield acquires individual frequency components in positive order inresponse to the frequency component corresponding to the individual dataelement of substantially zero radius being acquired. In step 918, astorage processor in unit 34 stores individual frequency componentsacquired using the magnetic field in corresponding individual dataelements in the array. The process of FIG. 9 terminates at step 931.

A processor as used herein is a device for executing machine-readableinstructions stored on a computer readable medium, for performing tasksand may comprise any one or combination of, hardware and firmware. Aprocessor may also comprise memory storing machine-readable instructionsexecutable for performing tasks. A processor acts upon information bymanipulating, analyzing, modifying, converting or transmittinginformation for use by an executable procedure or an information device,and/or by routing the information to an output device. A processor mayuse or comprise the capabilities of a controller or microprocessor, forexample, and is conditioned using executable instructions to performspecial purpose functions not performed by a general purpose computer. Aprocessor may be coupled (electrically and/or as comprising executablecomponents) with any other processor enabling interaction and/orcommunication there-between. A user interface processor or generator isa known element comprising electronic circuitry or software or acombination of both for generating display images or portions thereof. Auser interface comprises one or more display images enabling userinteraction with a processor or other device.

An executable application, as used herein, comprises code or machinereadable instructions for conditioning the processor to implementpredetermined functions, such as those of an operating system, a contextdata acquisition system or other information processing system, forexample, in response to user command or input. An executable procedureis a segment of code or machine readable instruction, sub-routine, orother distinct section of code or portion of an executable applicationfor performing one or more particular processes. These processes mayinclude receiving input data and/or parameters, performing operations onreceived input data and/or performing functions in response to receivedinput parameters, and providing resulting output data and/or parameters.A graphical user interface (GUI), as used herein, comprises one or moredisplay images, generated by a display processor and enabling userinteraction with a processor or other device and associated dataacquisition and processing functions.

The UI also includes an executable procedure or executable application.The executable procedure or executable application conditions thedisplay processor to generate signals representing the UI displayimages. These signals are supplied to a display device which displaysthe image for viewing by the user. The executable procedure orexecutable application further receives signals from user input devices,such as a keyboard, mouse, light pen, touch screen or any other meansallowing a user to provide data to a processor. The processor, undercontrol of an executable procedure or executable application,manipulates the UI display images in response to signals received fromthe input devices. In this way, the user interacts with the displayimage using the input devices, enabling user interaction with theprocessor or other device. The functions and process steps (e.g., ofFIGS. 8 and 9) herein may be performed automatically or wholly orpartially in response to user command. An activity (including a step)performed automatically is performed in response to executableinstruction or device operation without user direct initiation of theactivity.

Individual K-space components stored in data elements may be representedby a Fourier transform pair involving position (x,y) and spatialfrequency (k_(FE), k_(PE)), where k_(FE) and k_(PE) are,k _(FE) =ēG _(FE) mΔtandk _(PE) =ēnΔG _(PE) Tand FE refers to frequency encoding, PE to phase encoding, Δt issampling time (the reciprocal of sampling frequency), T is the durationof G_(PE), ē is the gyromagnetic ratio, m is the sample number in the FEdirection and n is the sample number in the PE direction (also known aspartition number), G_(PE) is the phase encoding gradient and G_(FE) isthe frequency encoding gradient. The 2D-Fourier Transform of thisencoded signal results in a representation of the spin densitydistribution in two dimensions. K-space has the same number of rows andcolumns as the final image and during an imaging scan, k-space is filledwith raw data one line per TR (Repetition Time).

The system, processes, K-space trajectories and plots of FIGS. 1-9 arenot exclusive. Other systems, processes and menus may be derived inaccordance with the principles of the invention to accomplish the sameobjectives. Although this invention has been described with reference toparticular embodiments, it is to be understood that the embodiments andvariations shown and described herein are for illustration purposesonly. Modifications to the current design may be implemented by thoseskilled in the art, without departing from the scope of the invention.The system advantageously orders acquisition and storage of frequencydomain components representing MR image data in a spiral centric mannerby reducing a k-space distance between successively acquired k-spacedata elements by selecting k-space points (data elements) sosuccessively acquired k-space data elements are substantially adjacent.Further, the processes and applications may, in alternative embodiments,be located on one or more (e.g., distributed) processing devices on anetwork linking the units of FIG. 1. Any of the functions and stepsprovided in FIGS. 1-9 may be implemented in hardware, software or acombination of both.

1. A system for ordering acquisition of frequency domain componentsrepresenting MR image data for storage in an array, comprising: astorage array of individual data elements for storing correspondingindividual frequency components comprising an MR dataset, said array ofindividual data elements having a designated center and individual dataelements individually having a radius to said designated center; amagnetic field generator for generating a magnetic field for use inacquiring a plurality of individual frequency components correspondingto individual data elements in said storage array, said individualfrequency components being successively acquired in an order in whichradius of respective corresponding individual data elements increasesand decreases along a substantially spiral path as said plurality ofindividual frequency components is sequentially acquired duringacquisition of an MR dataset representing an MR image; and a processorfor ordered acquisition of individual frequency components using saidmagnetic field and for ordered storing acquired individual frequencycomponents in corresponding individual data elements in said array.
 2. Asystem according to claim 1, wherein radius of respective correspondingindividual data elements alternately increases and decreases as asequential plurality of said individual frequency components is acquiredand said storage array is at least one of, (a) a two dimensional arrayand (b) a three dimensional array.
 3. A system according to claim 1,wherein said magnetic field acquires individual frequency components inan order corresponding to a sequence of substantially adjacentindividual data elements in said array and magnetic field gradientchange between successively acquired frequency components issubstantially minimized.
 4. A system according to claim 3, wherein saidmagnetic field acquires individual frequency components in said ordercorresponding to a sequence of substantially adjacent individual dataelements beginning with an individual data element having asubstantially zero radius.
 5. A system according to claim 1, whereinsaid magnetic field acquires individual frequency components in an ordercorresponding to bands of substantially concentric rings of individualdata elements of incremental radius in said array and an individual bandencompasses individual data elements of a plurality of different radii.6. A system according to claim 5, wherein said magnetic field acquiresindividual frequency components in an individual concentric ring beforeprogressing to a next ring of increased radius.
 7. A system according toclaim 6, wherein said magnetic field successively acquires individualfrequency components in an individual concentric ring corresponding tosuccessive individual data elements of increasing and decreasing radiuswithin an individual ring as said plurality of individual frequencycomponents is sequentially acquired.
 8. A system according to claim 6,wherein said magnetic field acquires individual frequency components ina first central area beginning with an individual data element having asubstantially zero radius.
 9. A system according to claim 1, wherein anindividual frequency component comprises amplitude and phase data storedas a complex number in a corresponding individual data element in saidtwo dimensional storage array.
 10. A system according to claim 1,wherein said two dimensional storage array of individual data elementsfor storing corresponding individual frequency components comprisesk-space.
 11. A system according to claim 1, wherein said magnetic fieldacquires individual frequency components beginning with a componentcorresponding to an individual data element having a first non-zeroradius and in a reverse order until a frequency component correspondingto an individual data element of substantially zero radius is acquired.12. A system according to claim 11, wherein said magnetic field acquiresindividual frequency components in positive order in response to saidfrequency component corresponding to said individual data element ofsubstantially zero radius being acquired.
 13. A system according toclaim 1, wherein said magnetic field acquires a plurality of individualfrequency components starting with a component corresponding to anindividual data element having a first non-zero radius in a reverseorder of predominantly reducing radius until a frequency componentcorresponding to an individual data element of substantially zero radiusis acquired and said magnetic field acquires individual frequencycomponents in positive order of predominantly increasing radius inresponse to said frequency component corresponding to said individualdata element of substantially zero radius being acquired.
 14. A systemaccording to claim 1, wherein said storage array comprises an innerregion and an outer region, said magnetic field acquires a plurality ofindividual frequency components corresponding to individual dataelements in said peripheral region in alternately positive and reverseorder of predominantly increasing and reducing radius respectively andsaid magnetic field acquires a plurality of individual frequencycomponents corresponding to individual data elements in said outerregion and said inner region in alternately positive and reverse orderof predominantly increasing and reducing radius respectively.
 15. Asystem according to claim 1, wherein said two dimensional storage arrayis part of a three dimensional storage array.
 16. A system according toclaim 1, wherein said two dimensional storage array comprises a threedimensional storage array.
 17. A method for ordering acquisition offrequency domain components representing MR image data for storage in anarray performed using a storage array, a magnetic field generator and aprocessor, comprising the activities of: generating a magnetic field foruse in acquiring a plurality of individual frequency componentscorresponding to individual data elements in a two dimensional storagearray, said array of individual data elements having a designated centerand individual data elements individually having a radius to saiddesignated center, said individual frequency components beingsuccessively acquired in an order in which radius of respectivecorresponding individual data elements increases and decreases as saidplurality of individual frequency components is sequentially acquiredduring acquisition of an MR dataset representing an MR image; orderedacquiring of individual frequency components using said magnetic field;and ordered storing of acquired individual frequency componentsrepresenting an MR dataset in the corresponding individual dataelements.
 18. A method according to claim 17, wherein said storage arraycomprises a portion of a three dimensional array.